The field of molecular diagnostics has seen much growth in the clinical setting, providing rapid and sensitive approaches for the detection and monitoring of a wide range of human ailments. There is very real potential for molecular diagnostics to revolutionize patient care, offering tools that go further than simple characterization of disease, reaching into the domain of characterizing the patient.
Meridian offers a range of products and services to support the research that contributes towards development of diagnostic products and testing services. With ISO 13485 manufacturing standards, each reagent represents the level of quality required when developing tests for the clinical market. In addition, our custom assay development services can provide the edge required for optimal performance and expedient development of your next molecular diagnostic assay.
What is Molecular Diagnostics?
Diagnostic or clinical pathology plays an essential role in patient care – providing physicians with the specific information required to identify and treat the very broad range of ailments presented across primary doctor or hospital practice settings.
Molecular diagnostic approaches utilize nucleic acid detection techniques to analyse target DNA or RNA from an affected individual. Molecular-based tests can cover a range of clinical conditions from inherited genetic disease, through the full range of cancers, infectious disease agents, drug-dose or treatment response scenarios (pharmacogenomics), and even personalized treatment and prognostic investigations based upon individual genetic make-up (personalized medicine). Results from molecular diagnostic tests are used in conjunction with the presented symptoms and clinical expertize of the serving physician to better understand disease aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis.
Technology common within a research environment is not always readily adopted in a diagnostic setting. Diagnostic tests must demonstrate clinical utility, while at the same time adhere to strict quality requirements for reproducibility, along with appropriate sensitivity and specificity performance. Although molecular biology has been a field of study for over 50 years, the integration of molecular diagnostics into pathological fields has been variable. While clinical genetics has become almost entirely molecular-based, traditional morphological analysis, chemical analysis, and immunohistochemistry will always have a place in many areas.
Molecular diagnostics covers a range of techniques from fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH), DNA-chip technology, mass spectrometry, as well as nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). The revolution in molecular diagnostics came with the adoption of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the completion of the Human Genome Project. Both scientific milestones have served to expand the usefulness and range of applicability for molecular diagnostic approaches. Data from the Human Genome Project have opened up many possible targets for detection, prevention and/or treatment of disease. PCR is now the most commonly used molecular diagnostic tool, offering a very sensitive and rapid approach for the detection, identification, and quantification of specific DNA or RNA targets. More recently real-time PCR, utilizing fluorescent dye detection, has streamlined the use of NAATs - improving quantification applications, turn-around times, and significantly reducing the risk of carry-over contamination.
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Molecular Diagnostics – Current Applications
From individual buffers and enzymes, sample preparation reagents and real-time PCR Kits, right through to fully designed PCR assays, Meridian molecular reagents and services are quality manufactured for your NAAT needs. Molecular diagnostic approaches routinely use NAATs across a range of applications, some of which are summarized below.
Pathogen Detection/Quantification
Although traditional culture methods are still invaluable for pathogen identification and investigation of specific treatment sensitivities (such as antibiotic resistance screening), molecular diagnostics, in particular PCR and real-time PCR NAATs, are routinely used for a range of infectious disease testing.
The very sensitive and rapid approach of molecular tests support clinical decisions for diagnosis and treatment of a range of bacterial and viral infections, allowing for very specific discrimination of individual target strains, as well as accurate quantification for monitoring organism load across a treatment regime. Molecular diagnostics are also routinely used for screening purposes - from sexually transmitted diseases right through to screening blood products for potential pathogens.
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Genotyping/SNP Detection
Mutations in a DNA sequence can change the resulting translated protein with the potential for ongoing effects on the subsequent phenotype or active characteristics of an organism. The most common genetic variants are in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and these can confer a broad range of characteristics such as antibiotic resistance in bacteria, or a change in likely response to certain drug treatments, thus there is a range of SNP molecular diagnostic tests in routine practice today.
SNPs can be detected using a range of methods including sequence-specific PCR, dual-labelled hybridization probe discrimination, and post-PCR analyses, such as amplicon melting or restriction fragment polymorphism approaches. As deep sequencing technologies improve and more genome data is gathered across a range of organisms, the utility and application of SNP testing will only increase.
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Biomarker Screening/Monitoring
Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics, used as indicators to monitor biological or pathological processes, as well as pharmacological responses to treatment or therapy. Biomarkers can cover a range of substances and molecules - such as whole cells, enzymes or hormones.
Specific genes or gene products are often targeted for biomarker applications, particularly in the field of drug development, allowing for stratification of a population based on genotype or presence of RNA marker. Although molecular biomarkers show real promise in research and development settings, their routine use in a clinical setting are often hampered by the logistical challenges of standardized measurement processes, along with requirements for robust validation of analytical procedures, and heavy data requirements for clinical validity.
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Emerging trends in personalized medicine
Biomarkers are objectively measured characteristics, used as indicators to monitor biological or pathological processes, as well as pharmacological responses to treatment or therapy.
Biomarkers can cover a range of substances and molecules - such as whole cells, enzymes or hormones. Specific genes or gene products are often targeted for biomarker applications, particularly in the field of drug development, allowing for stratification of a population based on genotype or presence of RNA marker. Although molecular biomarkers show real promise in research and development settings, their routine use in a clinical setting are often hampered by the logistical challenges of standardized measurement processes, along with requirements for robust validation of analytical procedures, and heavy data requirements for clinical validity.
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Emerging trends in personalized medicine
The recent boom in deep sequencing technologies and computational biology has expanded biological study into the era of “omics” – such as genomics and proteomics – with simultaneous analysis of hundreds or thousands of genes or proteins.
The most direct and current application of this high-volume, high-throughput approach is in the area of array-based technologies, where hundreds of targets can be tested in parallel to gain a large-scale gene expression profile. A clinical setting example of this approach is the array test for detection of mutations or polymorphisms in the genes of the cytochrome P450 system, responsible for metabolism of a range of medications. However, in general, the transition of this rise in genetic information has been slow to cross into the molecular diagnostic laboratory. The challenge lies in understanding the vast amount of data and translating that into clinically useful information. True personalized medicine is the ultimate goal – identifying the individual differences that lead to disease susceptibility, treatment response differences, ultimate disease progression and therapeutic outcomes, and research is continuing toward that end.
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Molecular Diagnostics – Maintaining the Gold Standard
The recent boom in deep sequencing technologies and computational biology has expanded biological study into the era of “omics” – such as genomics and proteomics – with simultaneous analysis of hundreds or thousands of genes or proteins.
In addition to demonstrating the clinical utility and scientific validity of a test, in order for it to be applied in a clinical or diagnostic setting, a number of performance characteristics need to be established, including precision, accuracy, analytical sensitivity and specificity, along with a range of quality determinants covering manufacturing processes, reproducibility, and laboratory staff training requirements. These processes are monitored by local governing bodies, and molecular diagnostic laboratories are required to undergo routine testing and certification updates to maintain their status for reporting clinical results. For these reasons alone, introduction of new technologies or tests is a slow process in molecular diagnostics, and examples of erroneous results in the form of false positive, false negative, or those of no clear relevance to disease state, continue to be reported across the field.
Although PCR is now widely adopted in molecular diagnostics, this technology holds its own inherent caveats, including finding appropriate reference sequences, or endogenous control genes for accurate detection or gene expression analysis. Finding a trusted source for core reagents that offer reliability, reproducibility and performance standards that support the demands of clinical specificity and sensitivity is always key to a successful application in a molecular diagnostic setting, and with ISO 13485 manufacturing standards and a commitment to quality assay design services, Meridian is a well-placed choice to support your laboratory quality standards.
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